List the four steps of the Oakes test.

• A. The objective is pressing and substantial; 2) The measure has a rational connection to the objective; 3) The rights impairment is as small as possible; 4) The balance is proportional.
• B. The objective is pressing and substantial; 2) The measure has a rational connection to the objective; 3) The rights limitation impairs rights as little as possible; 4) The overall balance between the rights impairment and the objective is proportional.
• C. The objective is essential; 2) The measure is rational; 3) The measure is minimal; 4) The rights impairment is proportional.
• D. The objective is urgent; 2) The measure is necessary; 3) The rights must not be limited; 4) The balance is fair.

Answer: (B)

When evaluating a rights-limiting measure under the Oakes test, four steps must be satisfied for the restriction to be justified: the objective must be pressing and substantial; the measure must be rationally connected to that objective; the rights impairment must be as little as possible (minimal impairment); and the overall effects must be proportional to the objective (the balance between benefit and infringement must be proportional). The best option mirrors this sequence precisely: it states a pressing and substantial objective, a rational connection to that objective, minimal impairment of rights, and a proportional overall balance between the rights infringement and the objective. This aligns with the standard formulation of the Oakes test used in Canadian constitutional law.